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Pulsar Python client

Pulsar Python client library is a wrapper over the existing C++ client library and exposes all of the same features. You can find the code in the Python directory of the C++ client code.

All the methods in producer, consumer, and reader of a Python client are thread-safe.

pdoc-generated API docs for the Python client are available here.

Install​

You can install the pulsar-client library either via PyPi, using pip, or by building the library from source.

Install using pip​

To install the pulsar-client library as a pre-built package using the pip package manager:

pip install pulsar-client==2.10.2

Optional dependencies​

If you install the client libraries on Linux to support services like Pulsar functions or Avro serialization, you can install optional components alongside the pulsar-client library.

# avro serialization
pip install 'pulsar-client[avro]==2.10.2'

# functions runtime
pip install 'pulsar-client[functions]==2.10.2'

# all optional components
pip install 'pulsar-client[all]==2.10.2'

Installation via PyPi is available for the following Python versions:

PlatformSupported Python versions
MacOS
10.13 (High Sierra), 10.14 (Mojave)
2.7, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9
Linux2.7, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9

Install from source​

To install the pulsar-client library by building from source, follow instructions and compile the Pulsar C++ client library. That builds the Python binding for the library.

To install the built Python bindings:


$ git clone https://github.com/apache/pulsar
$ cd pulsar/pulsar-client-cpp/python
$ sudo python setup.py install

API Reference​

The complete Python API reference is available at (https://pulsar.apache.org/api/python/2.10.x).

Examples​

You can find a variety of Python code examples for the pulsar-client library.

Producer example​

The following example creates a Python producer for the my-topic topic and sends 10 messages on that topic:


import pulsar

client = pulsar.Client('pulsar://localhost:6650')

producer = client.create_producer('my-topic')

for i in range(10):
    producer.send(('Hello-%d' % i).encode('utf-8'))

client.close()

Consumer example​

The following example creates a consumer with the my-subscription subscription name on the my-topic topic, receives incoming messages, prints the content and ID of messages that arrive, and acknowledges each message to the Pulsar broker.


import pulsar

client = pulsar.Client('pulsar://localhost:6650')

consumer = client.subscribe('my-topic', 'my-subscription')

while True:
    msg = consumer.receive()
    try:
        print("Received message '{}' id='{}'".format(msg.data(), msg.message_id()))
        # Acknowledge successful processing of the message
        consumer.acknowledge(msg)
    except Exception:
        # Message failed to be processed
        consumer.negative_acknowledge(msg)

client.close()

This example shows how to configure negative acknowledgement.


from pulsar import Client, schema
client = Client('pulsar://localhost:6650')
consumer = client.subscribe('negative_acks','test',schema=schema.StringSchema())
producer = client.create_producer('negative_acks',schema=schema.StringSchema())
for i in range(10):
    print('send msg "hello-%d"' % i)
    producer.send_async('hello-%d' % i, callback=None)
producer.flush()
for i in range(10):
    msg = consumer.receive()
    consumer.negative_acknowledge(msg)
    print('receive and nack msg "%s"' % msg.data())
for i in range(10):
    msg = consumer.receive()
    consumer.acknowledge(msg)
    print('receive and ack msg "%s"' % msg.data())
try:
    # No more messages expected
    msg = consumer.receive(100)
except:
    print("no more msg")
    pass

Reader interface example​

You can use the Pulsar Python API to use the Pulsar reader interface. Here's an example:


# MessageId taken from a previously fetched message
msg_id = msg.message_id()

reader = client.create_reader('my-topic', msg_id)

while True:
    msg = reader.read_next()
    print("Received message '{}' id='{}'".format(msg.data(), msg.message_id()))
    # No acknowledgment

Multi-topic subscriptions​

In addition to subscribing a consumer to a single Pulsar topic, you can also subscribe to multiple topics simultaneously. To use multi-topic subscriptions, you can supply a regular expression (regex) or a List of topics. If you select topics via regex, all topics must be within the same Pulsar namespace.

The following is an example:


import re
consumer = client.subscribe(re.compile('persistent://public/default/topic-*'), 'my-subscription')
while True:
    msg = consumer.receive()
    try:
        print("Received message '{}' id='{}'".format(msg.data(), msg.message_id()))
        # Acknowledge successful processing of the message
        consumer.acknowledge(msg)
    except Exception:
        # Message failed to be processed
        consumer.negative_acknowledge(msg)
client.close()

Schema​

Supported schema types​

You can use different builtin schema types in Pulsar. All the definitions are in the pulsar.schema package.

SchemaNotes
BytesSchemaGet the raw payload as a bytes object. No serialization/deserialization are performed. This is the default schema mode
StringSchemaEncode/decode payload as a UTF-8 string. Uses str objects
JsonSchemaRequire record definition. Serializes the record into standard JSON payload
AvroSchemaRequire record definition. Serializes in AVRO format

Schema definition reference​

The schema definition is done through a class that inherits from pulsar.schema.Record.

This class has a number of fields which can be of either pulsar.schema.Field type or another nested Record. All the fields are specified in the pulsar.schema package. The fields are matching the AVRO fields types.

Field TypePython TypeNotes
Booleanbool
Integerint
Longint
Floatfloat
Doublefloat
Bytesbytes
Stringstr
ArraylistNeed to specify record type for items.
MapdictKey is always String. Need to specify value type.

Additionally, any Python Enum type can be used as a valid field type.

Fields parameters​

When adding a field, you can use these parameters in the constructor.

ArgumentDefaultNotes
defaultNoneSet a default value for the field. Eg: a = Integer(default=5)
requiredFalseMark the field as "required". It is set in the schema accordingly.

Schema definition examples​

Simple definition​

class Example(Record):
    a = String()
    b = Integer()
    c = Array(String())
    i = Map(String())

Using enums​

from enum import Enum

class Color(Enum):
    red = 1
    green = 2
    blue = 3

class Example(Record):
    name = String()
    color = Color

Complex types​

class MySubRecord(Record):
    x = Integer()
    y = Long()
    z = String()

class Example(Record):
    a = String()
    sub = MySubRecord()

Set namespace for Avro schema​

Set the namespace for Avro Record schema using the special field _avro_namespace.


class NamespaceDemo(Record):
   _avro_namespace = 'xxx.xxx.xxx'
   x = String()
   y = Integer()

The schema definition is like this.


{
  'name': 'NamespaceDemo', 'namespace': 'xxx.xxx.xxx', 'type': 'record', 'fields': [
    {'name': 'x', 'type': ['null', 'string']},
    {'name': 'y', 'type': ['null', 'int']}
  ]
}

Declare and validate schema​

You can send messages using BytesSchema, StringSchema, AvroSchema, and JsonSchema.

Before the producer is created, the Pulsar broker validates that the existing topic schema is the correct type and that the format is compatible with the schema definition of a class. If the format of the topic schema is incompatible with the schema definition, an exception occurs in the producer creation.

Once a producer is created with a certain schema definition, it only accepts objects that are instances of the declared schema class.

Similarly, for a consumer or reader, the consumer returns an object (which is an instance of the schema record class) rather than raw bytes.

Example


consumer = client.subscribe(
                  topic='my-topic',
                  subscription_name='my-subscription',
                  schema=AvroSchema(Example) )

while True:
    msg = consumer.receive()
    ex = msg.value()
    try:
        print("Received message a={} b={} c={}".format(ex.a, ex.b, ex.c))
        # Acknowledge successful processing of the message
        consumer.acknowledge(msg)
    except Exception:
        # Message failed to be processed
        consumer.negative_acknowledge(msg)

You can send byte data using a BytesSchema.

Example


producer = client.create_producer(
                'bytes-schema-topic',
                schema=BytesSchema())
producer.send(b"Hello")

consumer = client.subscribe(
				'bytes-schema-topic',
				'sub',
				schema=BytesSchema())
msg = consumer.receive()
data = msg.value()

End-to-end encryption​

End-to-end encryption allows applications to encrypt messages at producers and decrypt messages at consumers.

Configuration​

To use the end-to-end encryption feature in the Python client, you need to configure publicKeyPath and privateKeyPath for both producer and consumer.


publicKeyPath: "./public.pem"
privateKeyPath: "./private.pem"

Tutorial​

This section provides step-by-step instructions on how to use the end-to-end encryption feature in the Python client.

Prerequisite

  • Pulsar Python client 2.7.1 or later

Step

  1. Create both public and private key pairs.

    Input


    openssl genrsa -out private.pem 2048
    openssl rsa -in private.pem -pubout -out public.pem

  2. Create a producer to send encrypted messages.

    Input


    import pulsar

    publicKeyPath = "./public.pem"
    privateKeyPath = "./private.pem"
    crypto_key_reader = pulsar.CryptoKeyReader(publicKeyPath, privateKeyPath)
    client = pulsar.Client('pulsar://localhost:6650')
    producer = client.create_producer(topic='encryption', encryption_key='encryption', crypto_key_reader=crypto_key_reader)
    producer.send('encryption message'.encode('utf8'))
    print('sent message')
    producer.close()
    client.close()

  3. Create a consumer to receive encrypted messages.

    Input


    import pulsar

    publicKeyPath = "./public.pem"
    privateKeyPath = "./private.pem"
    crypto_key_reader = pulsar.CryptoKeyReader(publicKeyPath, privateKeyPath)
    client = pulsar.Client('pulsar://localhost:6650')
    consumer = client.subscribe(topic='encryption', subscription_name='encryption-sub', crypto_key_reader=crypto_key_reader)
    msg = consumer.receive()
    print("Received msg '{}' id = '{}'".format(msg.data(), msg.message_id()))
    consumer.close()
    client.close()

  4. Run the consumer to receive encrypted messages.

    Input


    python consumer.py

  5. In a new terminal tab, run the producer to produce encrypted messages.

    Input


    python producer.py

    Now you can see the producer sends messages and the consumer receives messages successfully.

    Output

    This is from the producer side.


    sent message

    This is from the consumer side.


    Received msg 'encryption message' id = '(0,0,-1,-1)'

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